Thomas H. Ince
Thomas H. Ince
“If you knew how I envy you your university training... God, what I could have done if I’d had one.”
Thomas H. Ince to a colleague
Birth name:
Thomas Harper Ince
Born:
16th November 1880, Newport, Rhode Island, USA
Died:
19th November 1924, Los Angeles, California, USA
Years active:
1910 - 1924
One of early American cinema’s major figures, Thomas H. Ince transformed the movie industry by developing standardised working methods that enhanced efficiency at every stage of movie production. He elevated the role of producer to creative and industrial overseer while popularising Westerns and Civil War dramas. In a prolific career, he produced hundreds of pictures, including such enduring titles as The Italian (1915), Hell’s Hinges (1916), and Civilization (1916). A premature death that is, to this day, still shrouded in uncertainty and mystery, cut short his career.
Early life and stage career
Thomas Harper Ince was born in Newport, Rhode Island, on 16th November 1880. His English-born parents both had theatrical backgrounds, and Ince began performing at the age of 6; as well as appearing in vaudeville with his parents, he sang for money at funerals and weddings. Ince would always regret not receiving a formal education, once telling a university-educated colleague, “If you knew how I envy you your university training... God, what I could have done if I’d had one.”
Ince appeared with various stock companies from 1897, where he would also work as an assistant stage manager, prop man, and carpenter. His reputation grew, and playwright Ramsay Morris twice wrote roles for him in his plays, one of which starred Orrin Johnson, an actor who would later appear in Ince’s movies. Ince also shared lodgings with William S. Hart, who would later become a major Western star under Ince. When not on the road, Ince would give acting lessons. While appearing in the playlet For Love’s Sweet Sake in 1907, he met actress Elinor ‘Nell’ Kershaw, and the couple wed on 19th October after a three-week courtship.
Entry into movies and Inceville
Joseph Smiley, an actor with whom Ince had briefly worked while part of a troupe in Bermuda, persuaded him to try movies after a chance encounter near New York’s Times Square, and helped him find employment as a stock actor with Carl Laemmle’s Independent Moving Pictures Company (IMP). There, he soon graduated to directing, handling stars like Mary Pickford and King Baggott in Cuba, far from the reach of Edison’s pernicious Trust.
In 1911, Ince moved his family to California after joining the New York Motion Picture Company (NYMPC) as a director for $150 per week and stock in Keystone. Relieving Fred Balshofer of some of his overwhelming duties, Ince directed mostly Westerns and, together with Balshofer, persuaded NYMPC executive Charles Baumann to hire the Miller Brothers’ 101 Ranch Wild West Show. Following the success of films like War on the Plains (1912), Baumann and his partner Adam Kessel extended the lease on land in Santa Ynez Canyon, which would eventually become the studio, Inceville.
Inceville expanded rapidly, and during this period Ince began adopting the practices of modern industry. He initiated the shooting script, numbering each scene and describing the action and required camera positions. He also separated staff into specialised units, each led by a production manager, allowing him to supervise many films simultaneously. Soon, audiences realised that a film opening with the words “Thomas H. Ince presents,” was usually a guarantee of quality, and his operating methods were so effective that the entire industry swiftly adopted them.
By mid-1913, Ince had forsaken directing to focus on producing movies. As interest in Westerns declined, he produced more Civil War dramas. Including The Battle of Gettysburg (1913), released to coincide with the fiftieth anniversary of the battle. By 1915, he was producing one feature a month and several two-reelers.
Triangle and Paramount
In June 1915, Triangle, an ambitious new venture spearheaded by maverick entrepreneur Harry Aitken and his brother Roy, largely bought out NYMPC. Aitken’s ambition was to establish a nationwide chain of theatres showing pictures produced by production units that were part of the Triangle organisation. As head of these units, Aitken installed D. W. Griffith, Mack Sennett, and Ince—the three greatest talents working in the industry (outside of Cecil B. DeMille). Ince held the lease on land in what would become known as Culver City, and following a fire at Inceville, he built a new studio there.
After a promising start, Triangle suffered from Aitken’s habit of robbing Peter to pay Paul in order to finance his productions and the cost of pandering to three enormous creative egos. Both Sennett and Ince wanted the same financial support Griffith had received when he made The Birth of a Nation, which Aitken part-financed before forming Triangle. Aitken felt obliged to agree to their demands, and Ince made Civilization (1916), which he believed would be an artistic masterpiece equal to Griffith’s. However, the film received only mixed reviews and fell short of Griffith’s standards.
As Triangle’s finances deteriorated, its biggest star, Douglas Fairbanks, defected, and Griffith also left. The company reduced its films’ budgets far below the level Ince felt was acceptable, and his relationship with the co-owners deteriorated. At one point, Triangle’s owners even had Ince thrown into jail, although he was released after an overnight stay. Ince bought himself out of his contract in June 1917, and, as well as stars William S. Hart, Charles Ray, and Enid Bennett, several key staff left with him.
Ince signed with Adolph Zukor’s Paramount on 26th June 1917. Having sold the lease on the Culver City studio to Triangle, Ince commissioned the construction of a $200,000 studio in Culver City. A key element of Ince’s contract with Paramount was that it would end should William S. Hart no longer remain under contract. Over the next two years, Ince’s relationship with his old roommate deteriorated to such a degree that Ince was excluded from the new contract Hart signed in 1919.
Howard Hickman and Herschel Mayall in Civilization (1916)
Associated Producers and Thomas Ince Corporation
After leaving Paramount, Ince formed Associated Producers Inc., an organisation modelled on United Artists, to handle his films and those of Allan Dwan, Marshall Neilan, J. Parker Read, Maurice Tourneur, George Loane Tucker, and Mack Sennett. Unlike UA, Associated Producers’ pictures were to feature ensemble casts and have as broad a commercial appeal as possible.
Ince continued to produce movies at a prodigious rate in the early 1920s. Adhering to his preference for building films around an ensemble cast rather than a star name, he replaced former regular collaborators Dorothy Dalton and Enid Bennett with a roster of new stars. Key amongst them was Douglas Maclean, but others included Mary Astor, Clive Brook, James Kirkwood, Lila Lee, Blanche Sweet, and Warner Baxter. Many of these stars were just beginning their careers, but Ince’s name alone was enough to draw audiences.
Ince found operating as a distributor and a producer a severe strain on his resources, and, despite some reservations on his part, on 31st August 1921, Associated Producers merged with First National. His first film under this new contract was Hail the Conquering Woman (1921), a melodrama loosely based on The Scarlet Letter, which returned almost three times its cost.
On 25th January 1922, Ince formed the Thomas Ince Corporation, with his wife, Elinor, as vice president, and her father, Harry W. Kershaw, as treasurer. Ince’s relationship with First National quickly soured. Scenarist Kate Corbaley recalled him saying, “They want to make me one of their hired men—they want to get me where they can tell me what stories to make—how to make them and what to call them, and when they do, I am through.” Ince felt that First National’s shift towards vertical integration threatened his position as an independent producer, and he halted production and delivery of his films to resolve the issue.
On 6th June 1922, Ince sued First National, claiming the distributor had failed to abide by Associated Producers’ contract with them. First National responded by filing an injunction against Ince, preventing him from breaking the contract and forcing him to submit the completed movies he had withheld from them. The two parties reached a new agreement, at no cost to Ince, in August 1922. One of the new conditions was that Ince’s product was no longer tied to First National, and he could release any movies produced beyond the number stipulated in the contract through other distributors. Ince also supplemented his income at this time by leasing studio facilities to other filmmakers.
Thomas H. Ince’s death
A widespread downturn in the movie business in late 1923 saw Ince attempting to cut costs without impacting the quality of his productions. However, his lack of faith in First National required him to ensure greater output of product, and he signed more actors under contract, including Warner Baxter, Mary Astor, and Charles Ray, with whom Ince had worked at Paramount. Newspaper magnate William Randolph Hearst appeared to offer a solution to his financial difficulties, and Ince accepted an invitation to join him on his yacht, Oneida, to discuss Hearst’s Cosmopolitan Pictures leasing studio space from Ince. Elinor was to accompany her husband, but at the last minute one of their sons became ill, so Ince went alone.
There were around twelve guests aboard the Oneida, and on the evening of 16th November 1924, they gathered at a dinner to celebrate Ince’s 44th birthday. Ince ate salted almonds and drank champagne, both forbidden by his doctor as he suffered from peptic ulcers. He complained of acute indigestion, and a doctor accompanied him from Hearst’s yacht and by train to a hotel in Del Mar, where he received treatment from a second doctor. Ince summoned his wife and personal physician, and the group returned to Los Angeles by train, where Ince died on 19th November 1924. Angina pectoris was given as the cause of death.
Since his untimely demise, rumours that Hearst shot Ince in the head after mistaking him for another guest, the British comic Charlie Chaplin, whom he suspected of having an affair with his mistress, Marion Davies, have persisted. Chaplin’s valet claimed he saw blood from a bullet wound when Ince was stretchered off the yacht. Charles Lederer, Marion Davies’s nephew, told Orson Welles a similar story. When Welles told filmmaker Peter Bogdanovich, he popularised the theory with his speculative film, The Cat’s Meow (2001).
Speculation over the circumstances of Thomas H. Ince’s death has overshadowed his achievements as a pioneering filmmaker. While remaining an independent producer, he transformed filmmaking, turning it from a loosely organised group activity into a disciplined business enterprise utilising unit production and continuity planning.
His body was cremated on 21st November 1924, and his family reportedly scattered his ashes at sea.
Sources: Thomas Ince: Hollywood's Independent Pioneer, Brian Taves; Dreams for Sale: The Rise and Fall of the Triangle Corporation, Kalton C. Lahue; D. W. Griffith: An American Life, Richard Schickel.
Thomas H. Ince filmography
His New Lid (a) (1910), The Two Daughters (d) (1910), Little Nell's Tobacco (w,d) (1910)
‘Tween Two Loves (d) (1911), A Biting Business (d) (1911), A Dog's Tale (d) (1911), A Gasoline Engagement (d) (1911), A Manly Man (d) (1911), Across the Plains (w,d) (1911), An Indian Martyr (d) (1911), Artful Kate (d) (1911), As a Boy Dreams (d) (1911), At a Quarter of Two (d) (1911), At the Duke's Command (d) (1911), Back to the Soil (d) (1911), Bar Z's New Cook (w,p) (1911), Behind the Stockade (d) (1911), Behind the Times (d) (1911), By the House That Jack Built (d) (1911), Cowgirls' Pranks (d) (1911), Duty (d) (1911), Falsely Accused (d) (1911), For Her Brother's Sake (d) (1911), For the Queen's Honor (w) (1911), Her Darkest Hour (d) (1911), Getting His Man (d) (1911), His Dress Shirt (d) (1911), His Nemesis (d) (1911), In Old Madrid (d) (1911), In the Sultan's Garden (d) (1911), Maid or Man (d) (1911), New Cook (d) (1911), Over the Hills (d) (1911), Pictureland (d) (1911), Second Sight (d) (1911), Sweet Memories (w,d) (1911), The Aggressor (d) (1911), The Better Way (d) (1911), The Brand (d) (1911), The Call of the Song (d) (1911), The Convert (d) (1911), The Dream (d) (1911), The Empty Shell (d) (1911), The Fair Dentist (d) (1911), The Fisher-Maid (d) (1911), The Foreman's Courage (d) (1911), The Forged Dispatch (w) (1911), The Fortunes of War (w) (1911), The Hidden Trail (d) (1911), The House That Jack Built (d) (1911), The Last Appeal (d) (1911), The Lighthouse Keeper (d) (1911), The Lover’s Signal (d) (1911), The Master and the Man (d) (1911), The Message in the Bottle (d) (1911), The Mirror (w,d) (1911), The Penniless Prince (d) (1911), The Portrait (d) (1911), The Sentinel Asleep (d) (1911), The Skating Bug (d) (1911), The Stampede (w,d) (1911), The Toss of a Coin (d) (1911), The Winning of Wonega (d) (1911), Their First Misunderstanding (d) (1911), Through the Air (d) (1911), Tony and the Stork (d) (1911), Tracked (d) (1911), Uncle's Visit (d) (1911), When the Cat’s Away (d) (1911)
"Broncho" Bill's Love Affair (d) (1912), A Doctor's Trouble (p) (1912), A Double Reward (d,p) (1912), A Mexican Tragedy (d,p) (1912), A Soldier’s Honor (d) (1912), A Tenderfoot's Revenge (d) (1912), A White Lie (d) (1912), An Indian Legend (p) (1912), An Old Tune (p) (1912), Blazing the Trail (d) (1912), Blood Will Tell (d,p) (1912), Chinese Smugglers (d) (1912), Custer's Last Fight (d,p) (1912), For Freedom of Cuba (d,p) (1912), For the Cause (d,p) (1912), For the Honor of the 7th (p) (1912), His Better Self (p) (1912), His Double Life (d) (1912), His Message (d) (1912), His Nemesis (d,p) (1912), His Punishment (d) (1912), His Sense of Duty (p) (1912), His Squaw (p) (1912), How Shorty Kept His Word (p) (1912), Love and Jealousy (d) (1912), Mary of the Mines (p) (1912), On Secret Service (d,p) (1912), On the Firing Line (d,p) (1912), On the Warpath (p) (1912), Snowball and His Pal (d) (1912), Soldier's Honor (d) (1912), Sundered Ties (p) (1912), The Altar of Death (w,d,p) (1912), The Army Surgeon (w,p) (1912), The Ball Player and the Bandit (p) (1912), The Bandit’s Gratitude (p) (1912), The Battle of the Red Men (w,d) (1912), The Buffalo Hunt (d) (1912), The Bugle Call (d) (1912), The Civilian (d,p) (1912), The Clod (d,p) (1912), The Colonel's Peril (d) (1912), The Colonel's Son (d) (1912), The Colonel's Ward (d) (1912), The Crisis (d) (1912), The Dead Pay (p) (1912), The Deputy's Sweetheart (d) (1912), The Desert (d) (1912), The Deserter (w,d) (1912), The Doctor's Double (d,p) (1912), The Empty Water Keg (d) (1912), The Frontier Child (d) (1912), The Fugitive (p) (1912), The Gambler and the Girl (d) (1912), The Gambler’s Heart (d) (1912), The Garrison Triangle (d) (1912), The Heart of an Indian (w,p) (1912), The Hidden Trail (d,p) (1912), The Honor of the Tribe (d) (1912), The Indian Maid’s Elopement (d) (1912), The Indian Massacre (w,d) (1912), The Invaders (d,p) (1912), The Kid and the Sleuth (d) (1912), The Last Resource (d) (1912), The Laugh on Dad (d) (1912), The Law of the West (d,p) (1912), The Lieutenant's Last Fight (d) (1912), The Man They Scorned (p) (1912), The Massacre of Sante Fe Trail (p) (1912), The Other Girl (d) (1912), The Outcast (w,d) (1912), The Penalty (d,p) (1912), The Post Telegrapher (d) (1912), The Prospector's Daughter (d,p) (1912), The Protection of the Cross (d) (1912), The Ranch Girl’s Love (d) (1912), The Reckoning (d,p) (1912), The Reformed Outlaw (d) (1912), The Run on the Bank (d) (1912), The Sergeant's Boy (d,p) (1912), The Sheriff's Adopted Child (p) (1912), The Story of the Savage Modoc Mine (p) (1912), The Sub-Chief’s Choice (d) (1912), The Tables Turned (d) (1912), The Trinity (d) (1912), The Vengeance of Fate (p) (1912), The Wild West Circus (d) (1912), Through the Flames (d) (1912), War on the Plains (w,d,p) (1912), When Lee Surrenders (d,p) (1912)
A Black Conspiracy (p) (1913), A Blue Grass Romance (p) (1913), A Child of War (d,p) (1913), A Cow-Town Reformation (p) (1913), A Dixie Mother (p) (1913), A Frontier Wife (p) (1913), A Highland Romance (p) (1913), A Shadow of the Past (d,p) (1913), A Slave's Devotion (p) (1913), A Southern Cinderella (p) (1913), A True Believer (p) (1913), A Wartime Mother’s Sacrifice (p) (1913), A Woman’s Wit (p) (1913), All Rivers Meet at Sea (p) (1913), An Indian's Gratitude (p) (1913), An Indian’s Honor (p) (1913), An Orphan of War (p) (1913), Banzai (p) (1913), Borrowed Gold (p) (1913), Bread Cast Upon the Waters (d,p) (1913), Days of '49 (d,p) (1913), Devotion (p) (1913), Eileen of Erin (p) (1913), Exoneration (p) (1913), Flotsam (p) (1913), For Love of the Flag (p) (1913), For Mother’s Sake (p) (1913), From Out of the Storm (p) (1913), From the Shadows (p) (1913), God of Chance (p) (1913), Granddad (p) (1913), Heart Throbs (p) (1913), Her Father’s Story (p) (1913), Her Legacy (p) (1913), In Love and War (d,p) (1913), In the Ranks (p) (1913), Joe Hibbard’s Claim (p) (1913), Loaded Dice (p) (1913), Lure of the Violin (p) (1913), May and December (p) (1913), Old Mammy's Secret Code (p) (1913), On Fortune’s Wheel (p) (1913), Past Redemption (p) (1913), Retrogression (p) (1913), Romance of Erin (p) (1913), Silent Heroes (d,p) (1913), Smiling Dan (p) (1913), Texas Kelly at Bay (p) (1913), The Ambassador's Envoy (d) (1913), The Banshee (p) (1913), The Barrier (p) (1913), The Battle of Gettysburg (w,d,p) (1913), The Belle of Yorktown (p) (1913), The Black Sheep (p) (1913), The Bondsman (p) (1913), The Boomerang (d,p) (1913), The Broken Thread (p) (1913), The Bully (p) (1913), The Buried Past (p) (1913), The Burning Brand (p) (1913), The Claim Jumper (p) (1913), The Counterfeiter (p) (1913), The Crimson Stain (p) (1913), The Curse (w,p) (1913), The Drummer of the Eighth (d) (1913), The Efficacy of Prayer (p) (1913), The Failure of Success (p) (1913), The Favorite Son (p) (1913), The Filly (p) (1913), The Flame in the Ashes (p) (1913), The Forgotten Melody (p) (1913), The Forlorn Hope (p) (1913), The Frame-Up (p) (1913), The Gambler’s Pal (p) (1913), The Ghost (p) (1913), The Great Sacrifice (p) (1913), The Green Shadow (p) (1913), The Greenhorn (p) (1913), The Grey Sentinel (p) (1913), The Harvest of Sin (p) (1913), The Hateful God (d) (1913), The Heart of Kathleen (p) (1913), The Heritage of Eva (p) (1913), The House of Bondage (p) (1913), The Iconoclast (p) (1913), The Impostor (p) (1913), The Ironmaster (p) (1913), The Judgment (p) (1913), The Judge’s Son (p) (1913), The Land of Dead Things (p) (1913), The Little Turncoat (p) (1913), The Long Portage (p) (1913), The Lost Dispatch (p) (1913), The Madcap (p) (1913), The Maelstrom (p) (1913), The Miser (p) (1913), The Mosaic Law (d,p) (1913), The Open Door (p) (1913), The Paymaster's Son (d,p) (1913), The Pitfall (p) (1913), The Pride of the South (p) (1913), The Quakeress (p) (1913), The Reaping (p) (1913), The Red Mask (p) (1913), The Reformation (p) (1913), The Revelation (p) (1913), The Runaways (p) (1913), The Sea Dog (d,p) (1913), The Seal of Silence (d,p) (1913), The Sergeant’s Secret (p) (1913), The Sharpshooter (p) (1913), The Sign of the Snake (p) (1913), The Sins of the Father (p) (1913), The Sinews of War (p) (1913), The Soul of the South (d,p) (1913), The Struggle (d,p) (1913), The Telltale Hatband (p) (1913), The Transgressor (p) (1913), The Veteran (p) (1913), The Waif (p) (1913), The War Correspondent (p) (1913), The Way of a Mother (p) (1913), The Wheels of Destiny (p) (1913), The Witch of Salem (p) (1913), The Woman (p) (1913), Venetian Romance (p) (1913), When Life Fades (p) (1913), When Lincoln Paid (p) (1913), Widow Maloney’s Faith (p) (1913), Will o’ the Wisp (p) (1913), With Lee in Virginia (d,p) (1913)
A Barrier Royal (p) (1914), A Common Mistake (p) (1914), A Crook’s Sweetheart (p) (1914), A Flower in the Desert (p) (1914), A Frontier Mother (p) (1914), A Game of Life (p) (1914), A Kentucky Romance (d,p) (1914), A Military Judas (p) (1914), A New England Idyl (p) (1914), A Normandy Romance (d) (1914), A Political Feud (w,d,p) (1914), A Relic of Old Japan (p) (1914), A Romance of Old Holland (p) (1914), A Romance of the Sawdust Ring (p) (1914), A Romance of the Sea (p) (1914), A Tale of the Northwest Mounted (p) (1914), A Tragedy of the North Woods (p) (1914), A Tragedy of the Orient (p) (1914), An Eleventh Hour Reformation (w,p) (1914), Breed o’ the North (p) (1914), Captain Junior (p) (1914), Conscience (p) (1914), Desert Gold (w,p) (1914), Desert Thieves (p) (1914), Destiny’s Night (p) (1914), Divorce (p) (1914), Eric the Red’s Wooing (p) (1914), For Her Brother’s Sake (p) (1914), For the Wearing of the Green (p) (1914), Freckles (p) (1914), From Out of the Dregs (p) (1914), Harp of Tara (p) (1914), Heart of a Woman (p) (1914), His Hour of Manhood (p) (1914), In Old Italy (d,p) (1914), In the Clutches of the Gangsters (p) (1914), In the Cow Country (w,p) (1914), In the Days of the Padres (p) (1914), In the Sage Brush Country (w,p) (1914), In the Southern Hills (p) (1914), Jim Cameron’s Wife (p) (1914), Jim Regan’s Last Raid (p) (1914), Jimmy (d,p) (1914), Love vs Duty (p) (1914), Love’s Sacrifice (p) (1914), Mario (p) (1914), Mildred’s Doll (p) (1914), Mother of the Shadows (p) (1914), Nipped (p) (1914), No-Account Smith’s Baby (p) (1914), North of 53 (p) (1914), Not of the Flock (p) (1914), O Mimi San (w,p) (1914), One of the Discard (d) (1914), Out of the Night (w,d) (1914), Parson Larkin’s Wife (p) (1914), Prince (p) (1914), Repaid (p) (1914), Romance of Sunshine Alley (p) (1914), Shorty and Sherlock Holmes (p) (1914), Shorty and the Aridville Terror (p) (1914), Shorty and the Fortune Teller (d,p) (1914), Shorty Escapes Marriage (w,p) (1914), Shorty Falls Into a Title (p) (1914), Shorty Gets Into Trouble (p) (1914), Shorty Turns Judge (p) (1914), Shorty’s Sacrifice (p) (1914), Shorty’s Strategy (p) (1914), Shorty’s Trip to Mexico (p) (1914), Stacked Cards (w,d,p) (1914), Star of the North (p) (1914), Tennessee (p) (1914), Test of Flame (p) (1914), The Adventures of Shorty (p) (1914), The Ambassador’s Envoy (p) (1914), The Arrow Maker’s Daughter (p) (1914), The Bargain (w,p) (1914), The Bells of Austi (p) (1914), The Boss of the Eighth (p) (1914), The Card Sharps (p) (1914), The Circle of Fate (p) (1914), The City (w,p) (1914), The City of Darkness (p) (1914), The Colonel’s Adopted Daughter (p) (1914), The Colonel’s Orderly (p) (1914), The Courtship of O San (p) (1914), The Cross in the Desert (p) (1914), The Cruise of the Molly Ann (p) (1914), The Cure (p) (1914), The Curse of Caste (p) (1914), The Curse of Humanity (w,p) (1914), The Death Mask (d,p) (1914), The Defaulter (p) (1914), The Desperado (p) (1914), The Embezzler (p) (1914), The End of the Galley (p) (1914),The Face on the Ceiling (p) (1914), The Feud at Beaver Creek (p) (1914), The Final Reckoning (p) (1914), The Fires of Ambition (p) (1914), The Forest Vampires (p) (1914), The Fortunes of War (w,p) (1914), The Friend (p) (1914), The Gamekeeper’s Daughter (p) (1914), The Gangsters and the Girl (p) (1914), The Geisha (p) (1914), The Golden Goose (d,p) (1914), The Gringo (w,p) (1914), The Hateful God (p) (1914), The Heart of a Crook (p) (1914), The Hour of Reckoning (d,p) (1914), The Informer (p) (1914), The Last of the Line (w,d,p) (1914), The Latent Spark (w,p) (1914), The Long Feud (p) (1914), The Master of the House (p) (1914), The Mills of the Gods (w,p) (1914), The Mystery Lady (p) (1914), The Narcotic Spectre (p) (1914), The Old Love’s Best (p) (1914), The Panther (p) (1914), The Path of Genius (p) (1914), The Play’s the Thing (p) (1914), The Power of the Angelus (p) (1914), The Primitive Call (p) (1914), The Raiders (p) (1914), The Relic (p) (1914), The Right to Die (p) (1914), The Rightful Heir (w,p) (1914), The Robbery at Pine River (p) (1914), The Secret Lode (p) (1914), The Sheriff of Bisbee (p) (1914), The Sheriff of Muscatine (p) (1914), The Sheriff’s Sister (p) (1914), The Silent Messenger (p) (1914), The Silent Witness (p) (1914), The Silver Bell (p) (1914), The Silver Candlesticks (p) (1914), The Social Ghost (p) (1914), The Spark Eternal (p) (1914), The Squire’s Son (p) (1914), The Stigma, or the Brand of Shame (p) (1914), The Substitute (p) (1914), The Thunderbolt (p) (1914), The Trap (p) (1914), The Typhoon (w,p) (1914), The Vigil (w,p) (1914), The Village 'Neath the Sea (d,p) (1914), The Voice at the Telephone (w,p) (1914), The Wharf Rats (p) (1914), The Whiskey Runners (p) (1914), The Winning of Denise (w,p) (1914), The Word of His People (w,d,p) (1914), The Worth of a Life (w,p) (1914), The Wrath of the Gods (w,d,p) (1914), Thieves (p) (1914), True Irish Hearts (p) (1914), Two-Gun Hicks (p) (1914), When America Was Young (p) (1914), Wolves of the Underworld (w,p) (1914), Yellow Flame (p) (1914)
A Case of Poison (p) (1915), A Confidence Game (w,d) (1915), A Knight of the Trails (w) (1915), A Lucky Blowout (p) (1915), A Midas of the Desert (p) (1915), A Modern Noble (p) (1915), A Piece of Amber (p) (1915), Aloha Oe (w,p) (1915), Bad Buck of Santa Ynez (w,p) (1915), Between Men (p) (1915), Cash Parrish's Pal (w,p) (1915), College Days (p) (1915), Hearts and Swords (p) (1915), Her Alibi (p) (1915), Her Easter Hat (p) (1915), His Brother’s Keeper (p) (1915), His Mother’s Portrait (p) (1915), His Superficial Wife (p) (1915), Hostage of the North (p) (1915), In the Land of the Otter (w,p) (1915), In the Switch Tower (w,p) (1915), In the Tennessee Hills (p) (1915), In the Warden’s Garden (p) (1915), Keno Bates, Liar (w,p) (1915), Knight of the Trail (w,p) (1915), Matrimony (p) (1915), Mr. 'Silent' Haskins (w,p) (1915), Molly of the Mountains (p) (1915), Mother Hulda (p) (1915), Never Again (p) (1915), On the High Seas (p) (1915), On the Night Stage (w,p) (1915), Over Secret Wires (p) (1915), Pinto Ben (p) (1915), Rumpelstiltskin (p) (1915), Satan McAllister's Heir (w,p) (1915), Sergeant Jim’s Horse (p) (1915), Shorty Among the Cannibals (p) (1915), Shorty Inherits a Harem (p) (1915), Shorty Turns Actor (p) (1915), Shorty’s Adventures in the City (p) (1915), Shorty’s Ranch (p) (1915), Shorty’s Secret (p) (1915), Shorty’s Troubled Sleep (p) (1915), The $100,000 Bill (w,p) (1915), The Ace of Hearts (p) (1915), The Affiancéd Wife (p) (1915), The Alien (d,p) (1915), The Artist’s Model (p) (1915), The Beckoning Flame (p) (1915), The Bottomless Pit (p) (1915), The Bride of Guadeloupe (p) (1915), The Burglar’s Baby (p) (1915), The Chinatown Mystery (p) (1915), The Conversion of Frosty Blake (w,p) (1915), The Corner (p) (1915), The Coward (w,d,p) (1915), The Cross of Fire (w,p) (1915), The Cup of Life (w,d,p) (1915), The Customary Wife (p) (1915), The Darkening Trail (p) (1915), The Deadly Spark (p) (1915), The Despoiler (w,p) (1915), The Devil (w,d,p) (1915), The Disciple (w,p) (1915), The Disillusionment of Jane (p) (1915), The Edge of the Abyss (p) (1915), The Failure (p) (1915), The Fakir (p) (1915), The Famine (p) (1915), The Floating Death (p) (1915), The Forbidden Adventure (p) (1915), The Girl from the East (p) (1915), The Girl Who Might Have Been (w,p) (1915), The Golden Claw (p) (1915), The Golden Trail (p) (1915), The Grudge (w,p) (1915), The Gun Fighter (p) (1915), The Hammer (w,p) (1915), The Heart of Jabez Flint (p) (1915), The Human Octopus (p) (1915), The Iron Strain (p) (1915), The Italian (w,d,p) (1915), The Kite (p) (1915), The Last of the Line (d) (1915), The Lighthouse Keeper’s Son (p) (1915), The Living Wage (w,p) (1915), The Man at the Key (p) (1915), The Man from Nowhere (p) (1915), The Man From Oregon (p) (1915), The Man Who Died (p) (1915), The Man Who Went Out (p) (1915), The Mating (p) (1915), The Mill by the Zuyder Zee (p) (1915), The Operator at Big Sandy (p) (1915), The Pathway from the Past (d,p) (1915), The Phantom Extra (p) (1915), The Phantom of the Hearth (p) (1915), The Play of the Season (p) (1915), The Power of the Angelus (d) (1915), The Power of the Street (p) (1915), The Promoter (p) (1915), The Renegade (p) (1915), The Reward (e,w,p) (1915), The Riddle of the Wooden Leg (p) (1915), The Roughneck (w,p) (1915), The Ruse (w,p) (1915), The Scales of Justice (p) (1915), The Scourge of the Desert (w,p) (1915), The Scrub (p) (1915), The Sea Ghost (p) (1915), The Secret of Lost River (w,p) (1915), The Secret of the Dead (p) (1915), The Shadowgraph Message (p) (1915), The Sheriff's Streak of Yellow (w,p) (1915), The Shoal Light (p) (1915), The Sign of the Rose (d) (1915), The Sons of Toil (p) (1915), The Soul of Phyra (p) (1915), The Spark From the Embers (d,p) (1915), The Spirit of the Bell (w,p) (1915), The Still on Sunset Mountain (p) (1915), The Strike at Centipede Mine (p) (1915), The Taking of Luke McVane (w,p) (1915), The Tavern Keeper’s Son (p) (1915), The Tide of Fortune (p) (1915), The Toast of Death (d,p) (1915), The Valley of Hate (p) (1915), The Wells of Paradise (p) (1915), The Winged Idol (p) (1915), The Winged Messenger (p) (1915), Through the Murk (p) (1915), Tools of Providence (w,p) (1915), Tricked (w,p) (1915), When Love Leads (p) (1915), When the Tide Came In (p) (1915), Winning Back (w,p) (1915)