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American Cinema, 1903-1909

Edwin S. Porter transforms cinema with The Great Train Robbery (1903), Kalem get into trouble over their adaptation of Lew Wallace's Ben Hur (1907), and D.W. Griffith begins refining the technical aspects of film-making.

The Great Train Robbery (1903)

Justus D. Barnes in Edwin S. Porter's The Great Train Robbery (1903)

Key developments

Filmmakers struggle to meet demand when an explosion in the number of nickelodeons fuels demand for films.

Fictional narrative storytelling replaces actualities and running times increase to around ten minutes.

Edwin S. Porter's The Great Train Robbery (1903) transforms cinema.

Key films

The Great Train Robbery (1903)

The Great Train Robbery (1903)

Edwin S. Porter’s landmark Western helped establish narrative editing, location shooting, action spectacle, and the screen outlaw as popular cinema attractions.

Ben Hur (1907)

Ben Hur (1907)

A major early screen adaptation of Lew Wallace’s bestseller, notable for bringing Biblical spectacle and the famous chariot race into American cinema.

Scene from Adventures of Dollie (1908)

Adventures of Dollie (1908)

A landmark early Griffith drama involving a kidnapped child and river rescue

People who made their mark

Gilbert M. 'Broncho Billy' Anderson

Gilbert M. Anderson

Actor, director and producer best known as Broncho Billy, cinema’s first western star.

William Fox

William Fox

Film exhibitor, distributor and producer who founded the Fox Film Corporation.

D. W. Griffith

D. W. Griffith

Pioneering director whose narrative techniques shaped early feature filmmaking, amid a contested legacy.

Alice Guy-Blaché

Alice Guy-Blaché

Pioneering director, producer and founder of Solax, among cinema’s earliest narrative filmmakers.

Carl Laemmle with the Best Picture Oscar for All Quiet on the Western Front (1930)

Carl Laemmle

Universal Pictures founder and an early champion of the Hollywood star system.

Siegmund Lubin

Siegmund Lubin

Early film exhibitor, producer and studio owner who built the Lubin Manufacturing Company.

Wallace McCutcheon Sr.

Wallace McCutcheon Sr.

Early director associated with Biograph and pioneering narrative and location filmmaking.

Sidney Olcott

Sidney Olcott

Pioneering director and producer noted for extensive location filmmaking before Hollywood’s rise.

Mary Pickford

Mary Pickford

“America’s Sweetheart,” a leading silent star, producer and co-founder of United Artists.

Edwin S. Porter

Edwin S. Porter

Edison director whose early narrative films helped establish cinematic storytelling.

Mack Sennett

Mack Sennett

Founder of Keystone Studios and a key creator of American slapstick comedy.

Adolph Zukor

Adolph Zukor

The founder of Paramount Pictures and a central architect of the Hollywood studio system.

Active studios

Biograph Studio

Biograph

From 1908 Biograph became the USA's prominent studio thanks to the groundbreaking work of director D. W. Griffith.

Edison Studio

Edison Studio

Edison Studios helped launch commercial cinema in the US and introduced influential narrative and technical innovations.

The IMP Co logo

IMP

Carl Laemmle’s Independent Moving Picture Co existed for only three years, but holds an important place in American cinema.

Kalem Studio in Jacksonville, Florida

Kalem

A pioneering studio that at first owned no active studio, Kalem was the first American company to send units to film in foreign lands.

Vitagraph Studio

Vitagraph

Founded in 1897 by two Englishmen, Vitagraph found early success by recreating marine battles in a bathtub...

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